10 Essential Blood Tests Every Adult Should Get

Regular blood tests are key to understanding your health and catching potential issues early. Here are ten important tests that every adult should consider:

• Full Blood Count (FBC): Checks red and white blood cells, haemoglobin, and platelets to detect anaemia, infections, or clotting issues.
• Lipid Profile: Measures cholesterol and triglycerides to assess heart disease and stroke risk.
• HbA1c: Monitors average blood sugar levels over 2–3 months to screen for diabetes or prediabetes.
• Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs): Evaluates thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4) to identify underactive or overactive thyroid conditions.
• Liver Function Tests (LFTs): Analyses enzymes and proteins to assess liver health and detect damage or disease.
• Kidney Function Tests: Measures creatinine, eGFR, and urea to evaluate kidney efficiency and detect early issues.
• Vitamin D Test: Checks levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, crucial for bone health and immune function.
• Vitamin B12 and Folate: Identifies deficiencies affecting red blood cells, nerve health, and DNA synthesis.
• Iron Studies: Examines ferritin, serum iron, and transferrin saturation to detect anaemia or iron overload.
• Inflammatory Markers (CRP and ESR): Measures inflammation to monitor infections, autoimmune conditions, or chronic diseases.

These tests provide a comprehensive overview of your health, helping you and your GP make informed decisions. Frequency depends on factors like age, lifestyle, and medical history. Discuss with your GP to determine which tests are right for you.

The 7 Critical Blood Tests EVERYONE Should Get

1. Full Blood Count (FBC)

The Full Blood Count (FBC) is one of the most commonly performed blood tests in the UK, offering a detailed overview of your blood cells. It’s often the first test your GP will request when you present with health concerns, as it provides essential information about your overall health.

What the test measures

An FBC looks at three main components of your blood:

• Red blood cells (RBCs): These transport oxygen throughout your body. The test measures haemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein), haematocrit (the proportion of blood made up of red cells), mean cell volume (average size of red cells), and MCHC (haemoglobin concentration per cell).
• White blood cells (WBCs): These are key players in your immune system, defending against infections and other threats.
• Platelets: These are involved in blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding when you’re injured.

Why it matters

The FBC is a critical tool for detecting a range of health issues early. For example:

• Anaemia: Low red blood cell counts or haemoglobin levels can indicate anaemia, which might stem from iron or vitamin B12 deficiencies, or chronic illnesses.
• Infections and immune health: Elevated white blood cell levels often signal an infection, while low levels could suggest immune system issues or side effects from medication. Abnormal patterns in white cells can sometimes point to more serious conditions that require urgent attention.
• Clotting disorders: Platelet irregularities can reveal bleeding or clotting problems, which are especially important to monitor if you’re on blood-thinning medication or have a family history of clotting disorders.

Normal ranges (UK units)

Knowing the standard ranges for FBC results helps you understand what’s considered healthy. Here are the typical values:

• Haemoglobin: 120–165 g/L for women, 140–175 g/L for men.
• Red blood cell count: 3.8–5.2 × 10¹²/L for women, 4.5–6.0 × 10¹²/L for men.
• White blood cell count: 4.0–11.0 × 10⁹/L for adults, though slight variations can occur depending on age and other factors.
• Platelet count: 150–400 × 10⁹/L, with counts below 100 × 10⁹/L potentially indicating a higher risk of bleeding.
• Haematocrit percentage: 36–46% for women, 40–52% for men.
• MCV (mean cell volume): 82–98 femtolitres, which helps in identifying different types of anaemia based on red cell size.

Who should consider it

Regular FBC testing is recommended for all adults every 1–2 years. However, some people should consider more frequent testing:

• Adults over 50 or those experiencing symptoms like persistent fatigue or heavy menstrual bleeding.
• People on certain medications (e.g., chemotherapy, immunosuppressants, or specific antibiotics) that can affect blood cell production.
• Individuals with chronic conditions such as kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or inflammatory bowel disease, as these can impact blood cell counts and function.

Keeping an eye on your FBC results not only helps spot potential issues early but also provides a solid starting point for further, more specialised tests.

2. Lipid Profile (Cholesterol Test)

The lipid profile, commonly referred to as a cholesterol test, is a blood test designed to measure the levels of fats (lipids) circulating in your bloodstream. It plays a key role in identifying potential risk factors for heart disease and stroke.

What the test measures

A lipid profile provides a breakdown of several key components:

• Total cholesterol: This reflects the overall amount of cholesterol in your blood.
• HDL-cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein): Often called "good cholesterol" because it helps clear excess cholesterol from your bloodstream, reducing the risk of artery blockages.
• LDL-cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein): Known as "bad cholesterol", higher levels can lead to cholesterol deposits in your arteries, increasing the risk of cardiovascular problems.
• VLDL-cholesterol: Elevated levels in a fasting sample may signal issues with lipid processing.
• Triglycerides: High triglyceride levels are linked to a greater risk of cardiovascular disease.

Why it matters

When fat levels in the blood are too high, they can lead to narrowed arteries, increasing the likelihood of heart attacks and strokes. Regular lipid profile testing can help detect these risks early, allowing for timely lifestyle adjustments or medical interventions. This test offers a critical window into your cardiovascular health and complements other assessments to ensure a comprehensive health evaluation.

3. HbA1c (Diabetes Screening)

The HbA1c test, often referred to as glycated haemoglobin, provides an overview of your average blood sugar levels over the past 8–12 weeks. It's a key tool for both diagnosing diabetes and monitoring how well the condition is being managed. Healthcare professionals rely on it to assess your risk of developing diabetes or to evaluate the effectiveness of your current treatment plan.

What the test measures

HbA1c reflects the percentage of haemoglobin in your red blood cells that has glucose attached to it. When blood sugar levels are consistently high, more glucose binds to haemoglobin. Since red blood cells typically live for about 120 days, this test offers a snapshot of your average glucose levels over the preceding 2–3 months, making it far more insightful than a single blood sugar reading.

This detailed measurement plays a crucial role in managing diabetes effectively and proactively.

Why it matters

The HbA1c test is essential for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes, as well as for tracking how well treatments are working. Early detection of these conditions allows for timely interventions, such as lifestyle changes and medical treatments, which can significantly lower the risk of serious complications like heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, and vision loss.

Normal ranges (UK units)

Interpreting your HbA1c results is simple when you know the relevant thresholds used in the UK:

• Normal (non-diabetic): Below 42 mmol/mol (6.0%)
• Prediabetes: 42–47 mmol/mol (6.0–6.4%)
• Diabetes: 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or higher

For those managing diabetes, the usual target is 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or below, though this can vary depending on factors like age, other health conditions, and the risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia). Your healthcare provider will help set a target that suits your individual needs.

Who should consider it

The HbA1c test is a valuable part of routine health checks for adults aged 45 and above, even if no symptoms are present. However, some people may need testing earlier and more frequently.

You should consider an HbA1c test if you fall into a higher-risk category. This includes individuals who:

• Are overweight
• Have a family history of diabetes
• Lead a sedentary lifestyle
• Belong to ethnic groups with a higher prevalence of diabetes, such as South Asian, African-Caribbean, or Middle Eastern communities
• Experienced gestational diabetes during pregnancy

For those diagnosed with prediabetes, annual HbA1c testing helps track progress and assess whether lifestyle changes are effectively preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes. If you have diabetes, the frequency of testing is usually every three to six months, depending on how stable your condition is and whether your treatment plan has recently changed.

4. Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs)

Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs) are used to evaluate thyroid health by measuring key hormones. These tests provide insight into how well your thyroid is functioning and its influence on metabolism and energy levels. Since the thyroid plays a crucial role in overall health, any disruption can significantly impact wellbeing.

What the test measures

TFTs focus on three primary hormones: TSH, Free T4, and Free T3.

• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is produced by the pituitary gland and acts as a messenger, signalling the thyroid to produce hormones.
• Free Thyroxine (Free T4) is the main hormone secreted by the thyroid.
• Free Triiodothyronine (Free T3) is the active form of the hormone that your body’s tissues use.

TSH levels adjust based on circulating hormone levels. When thyroid hormones drop, TSH increases to stimulate production, and when hormone levels rise, TSH decreases to maintain balance.

Why it is important

Thyroid disorders often develop gradually, but their effects can be profound. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) can cause symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, depression, hair thinning, and sensitivity to cold. On the other hand, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) may lead to weight loss, a rapid heartbeat, anxiety, tremors, and difficulty sleeping.

Early detection is key. Identifying thyroid issues early allows for timely treatment, which can prevent complications such as heart problems, infertility, or osteoporosis. Many individuals notice significant improvements in symptoms within weeks of starting treatment.

Normal ranges (UK units)

Understanding your results is easier with knowledge of the standard reference ranges used in UK laboratories:

• TSH: 0.4–4.0 mU/L
• Free T4: 9.0–25.0 pmol/L
• Free T3: 2.6–5.7 pmol/L

For optimal thyroid function, TSH levels typically fall in the lower half of the range (around 0.4–2.0 mU/L). Many people feel best when their Free T4 and Free T3 levels are in the upper part of their respective ranges. However, reference ranges can vary slightly between laboratories, so it’s important to check the specific ranges provided with your test results.

• Hypothyroidism: Elevated TSH (above 4.0 mU/L) with low or normal Free T4.
• Hyperthyroidism: Suppressed TSH (below 0.4 mU/L) with elevated Free T4 or Free T3.

Who should consider it

You should consider a thyroid function test if you experience symptoms like fatigue, unexplained weight changes, mood disturbances, irregular heart rate, or sensitivity to temperature.

Certain groups are at higher risk and may benefit from regular testing:

• Women, particularly those with a family history of thyroid issues, autoimmune conditions, or previous thyroid surgery.
• Pregnant women or those planning to conceive, as thyroid health is critical during pregnancy.
• Individuals on medications like lithium or amiodarone, which can affect thyroid function.
• Anyone with autoimmune conditions, a history of radiation treatment to the head or neck, or prior thyroid surgery.

Regular testing is especially important during specific life stages or under certain circumstances. Monitoring your thyroid function alongside other health assessments ensures a more complete picture of your overall health.

5. Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

Liver Function Tests (LFTs) are blood tests designed to evaluate key markers of liver health. The liver plays a vital role in filtering toxins, processing medications, producing bile, and creating proteins essential for the body's proper functioning. LFTs are an important tool for gaining insight into how well the liver is performing these tasks.

What the test measures

LFTs assess several important markers, each reflecting a different aspect of liver health:

LFT Component	What It Indicates
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	Health of liver cells
Albumin	A protein that helps regulate body fluids, made by the liver
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)	Linked to bile flow and bone health
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	Can signal liver damage
Bilirubin	Reflects bile production and excretion
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)	May indicate liver stress or damage
Total protein	Overall protein levels in the blood, including albumin and globulins

High levels of ALT and AST often point to liver cell damage. For instance, bilirubin, a yellow substance formed during the breakdown of red blood cells, is typically processed efficiently by a healthy liver. However, liver damage can cause bilirubin to accumulate, potentially leading to jaundice. Albumin levels reflect the liver's ability to produce proteins, while elevated ALP and GGT levels may suggest problems with bile flow or stress on the liver.

Why it is important

"The results do not diagnose a specific condition, but they can show signs of liver disease or damage."

Liver disease often develops silently, with no obvious symptoms in its early stages. LFTs are critical for detecting conditions such as fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver damage caused by medications. They also play a key role in tracking how well treatments are working and ensuring medications aren't harming the liver.

Normal ranges (UK units)

Here are the typical reference ranges used in UK labs:

• ALT: 7–56 U/L
• AST: 10–40 U/L
• ALP: 44–147 U/L
• Bilirubin (total): 3–17 μmol/L
• Albumin: 35–50 g/L
• GGT: 8–61 U/L (men), 5–36 U/L (women)

Elevated ALT and AST levels suggest liver cell damage, with ALT being more liver-specific than AST. High bilirubin levels can point to bile flow problems or excessive breakdown of red blood cells. Low albumin levels may indicate poor liver function, while raised ALP levels could signal bile duct issues or even bone-related concerns.

Who should consider it

LFTs are worth considering if you experience symptoms like fatigue, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, or unexplained nausea.

Certain groups are at higher risk and may benefit from regular testing. These include individuals who drink alcohol frequently, take medications known to affect the liver (like paracetamol, statins, or certain antibiotics), or have a family history of liver disease. People with conditions like diabetes, obesity, or metabolic syndrome, as well as those exposed to hepatitis viruses or harmful chemicals, should also prioritise LFTs.

Healthcare providers often include LFTs in routine health screenings, especially for adults over 40 or those with risk factors for liver-related conditions. Regular monitoring can help catch potential issues early, allowing for timely intervention.

6. Kidney Function Tests (Renal Profile)

Kidney function tests, often referred to as a renal profile, assess how well your kidneys are working to filter waste and maintain the body's chemical balance. These vital organs play a crucial role in removing toxins, regulating blood pressure, and balancing electrolytes and fluids. By examining specific markers, these tests can highlight potential kidney issues even before symptoms appear. Let’s break down the key components and their importance.

What the test measures

A renal profile includes several important markers that provide a detailed picture of kidney function:

Test Component	What It Measures
Creatinine	A byproduct of muscle metabolism, filtered by the kidneys
Urea	A nitrogen-based waste product that can accumulate when kidney function decreases
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)	The efficiency of blood filtration by the kidneys, measured per minute
Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride)	Key chemicals that the kidneys help regulate to maintain balance
Bicarbonate	Reflects the blood’s acid–base balance

Creatinine is especially significant because it is produced at a steady rate by the body. Elevated creatinine levels often point to reduced kidney efficiency. The eGFR, calculated using creatinine levels along with factors like age, sex, and ethnicity, offers a clear estimate of how well your kidneys are filtering blood. While urea levels can fluctuate based on diet and hydration, persistently high levels may also signal impaired kidney function. Together, these markers provide a comprehensive snapshot of kidney health, enabling early detection and management.

Why it is important

Kidney function tests are essential for diagnosing conditions such as chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, and complications from diabetes or high blood pressure. They are also critical for monitoring medications that may strain the kidneys, such as certain painkillers, blood pressure medications, and antibiotics.

Early identification of kidney issues allows healthcare providers to take steps to slow disease progression. These steps might include dietary changes, better control of blood pressure, or medication adjustments. Without regular testing, kidney problems can escalate, potentially leading to kidney failure and the need for dialysis or transplantation.

Normal ranges (UK units)

Here are the typical reference ranges used in the UK:

• Creatinine: 60–120 μmol/L (men), 45–90 μmol/L (women)
• Urea: 2.5–7.8 mmol/L
• eGFR: >90 mL/min/1.73m² (normal kidney function)
• Sodium: 135–145 mmol/L
• Potassium: 3.5–5.0 mmol/L

An eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73m² that persists for three months or longer is indicative of chronic kidney disease. A range of 60–89 mL/min/1.73m² may suggest early kidney changes, particularly if accompanied by other signs of kidney damage. High levels of creatinine, urea, or electrolyte imbalances are strong indicators of reduced kidney function.

Who should consider it

Routine kidney function testing is especially important for those at higher risk of kidney problems. Annual testing is often recommended for individuals with diabetes, as kidney damage is a common complication. Similarly, people with high blood pressure, a family history of kidney or heart disease, or those over 60 should consider regular monitoring.

Anyone taking medications that affect kidney function, such as NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, or diuretics, should also undergo periodic testing. Additionally, symptoms like persistent fatigue, swelling in the legs or ankles, changes in urination patterns, or unexplained nausea may warrant a kidney function review. Since kidney problems often develop without noticeable symptoms, healthcare providers frequently include a renal profile in routine health check-ups for individuals with multiple risk factors.

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7. Vitamin D Test (25-Hydroxyvitamin D)

The Vitamin D test measures the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in your blood, which is the stored form of vitamin D and offers the best indication of your overall vitamin D levels. This test is particularly relevant in the UK, where limited sunlight during autumn and winter often leads to deficiencies. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy bones, supporting your immune system, and ensuring muscle strength.

What the test measures

This test checks the amount of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in your blood, a form created when your liver processes vitamin D absorbed from sunlight, food, or supplements. It can measure both types of vitamin D: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol).

Why it matters

Vitamin D deficiency is a common issue in the UK due to insufficient sunlight during colder months. Left untreated, it can cause conditions like osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children. Beyond bone health, vitamin D supports the immune system and helps maintain muscle strength, which can lower the risk of falls and fractures, especially in older adults.

Normal ranges (UK units)

In the UK, vitamin D levels are measured in nanomoles per litre (nmol/L):

• Sufficient: 50 nmol/L or above
• Insufficient: 30–49 nmol/L
• Deficient: Below 30 nmol/L
• Severe deficiency: Below 12.5 nmol/L

The NHS considers levels above 50 nmol/L adequate for most people’s bone and muscle health. Some experts suggest that levels between 75 and 100 nmol/L may be better for overall wellbeing, but levels over 125 nmol/L could pose risks, such as excessive calcium buildup.

Who should consider it

Certain groups are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency and may benefit from testing:

• Older adults: Those over 65, as ageing reduces the skin's ability to produce vitamin D.
• People with limited sun exposure: This includes those who work indoors or whose lifestyle or cultural practices limit sun exposure.
• Individuals with darker skin: Higher melanin levels mean less vitamin D is produced from sunlight.
• Pregnant and breastfeeding women: Monitoring is beneficial for both maternal and infant health.
• Those with specific medical conditions: Conditions like osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, or chronic kidney disease can affect vitamin D absorption or processing.
• People on certain medications: Medications such as anticonvulsants or glucocorticoids can interfere with vitamin D levels.
• Vegetarians and vegans: Since vitamin D is mainly found in fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified dairy, these diets may lack sufficient amounts.
• Individuals with symptoms of deficiency: Persistent fatigue, bone pain, muscle weakness, or frequent infections could signal a deficiency and should be discussed with your GP.

The Vitamin D test is a valuable tool in monitoring your health and addressing potential deficiencies early. Speak with your healthcare provider to see if this test is right for you.

8. Vitamin B12 and Folate

The Vitamin B12 and Folate test measures the levels of two essential B vitamins that play a big role in red blood cell production, nerve health, and DNA synthesis. These vitamins are crucial for keeping your body functioning properly, and deficiencies are relatively common among certain groups in the UK. This makes the test an important tool for keeping an eye on your health.

What the test measures

This test checks the levels of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and folate (vitamin B9) in your blood. Vitamin B12, mostly found in animal-based foods, is vital for healthy nerve function and red blood cell production. Folate, which comes from foods like leafy greens, fortified cereals, and legumes, supports cell division and DNA synthesis. Catching deficiencies early can help prevent complications.

Why it is important

Both of these vitamins are essential for avoiding megaloblastic anaemia, a condition where red blood cells are too large and immature to carry oxygen properly. A deficiency in either vitamin can lead to this condition, as well as symptoms like nerve damage (e.g., tingling sensations or memory issues). Folate deficiency is particularly concerning for women of childbearing age, as low levels can increase the risk of neural tube defects in babies during pregnancy. Since the body stores these vitamins for long periods, deficiencies can develop slowly, making regular testing a smart move.

Normal ranges (UK units)

Here are the typical reference ranges used in UK labs:

Vitamin B12:

• Normal: 200–900 ng/L
• Borderline low: 150–200 ng/L
• Deficient: Below 150 ng/L

Folate:

• Normal: 3.0–20.0 µg/L
• Borderline low: 2.0–3.0 µg/L
• Deficient: Below 2.0 µg/L

Keep in mind that some labs may use slightly different units or ranges. Your GP will interpret your results based on your symptoms and overall health.

Who should consider it

Some groups are more likely to experience vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies and may benefit from regular testing:

• Vegetarians and vegans: Since vitamin B12 is mostly found in animal products, plant-based diets can lead to deficiencies.
• Older adults: Ageing can reduce stomach acid, which is needed to absorb vitamin B12 effectively.
• People with digestive issues: Conditions like coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, or a history of gastric surgery can interfere with vitamin absorption.
• Individuals on certain medications: Drugs such as metformin (for diabetes) or proton pump inhibitors (for acid reflux) may affect B12 absorption.
• Women planning or in early pregnancy: The NHS recommends a daily intake of 400 micrograms of folic acid before conception and during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
• Anyone experiencing fatigue, memory problems, or neurological symptoms: These could signal a deficiency, so it’s worth discussing testing with your GP.

This test offers a clear picture of your vitamin B12 and folate levels, helping to identify and address deficiencies early to avoid serious health issues.

9. Iron Studies (Ferritin, Transferrin Saturation, Serum Iron)

Iron studies offer valuable insights into your body's ability to store, transport, and use iron effectively. These tests are key to understanding iron metabolism and addressing potential imbalances that could affect your health.

What the Test Measures

Iron studies typically focus on three main indicators:

• Serum iron: This measures the amount of iron currently circulating in your bloodstream, giving a snapshot of your iron levels.
• Ferritin: This reflects your stored iron levels and is a critical marker for detecting iron deficiency.
• Transferrin saturation: This indicates the percentage of the iron-binding protein transferrin that is loaded with iron, helping to identify various iron-related disorders.

Some labs may also include total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), which shows how much iron your blood could carry if fully saturated. Together, these tests help diagnose conditions like iron deficiency anaemia, iron overload, and anaemia linked to chronic illnesses. They provide a well-rounded view of your iron status, which is essential for maintaining energy and organ function.

Why It Is Important

Iron plays a crucial role in your body, as it's a key component of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. Low iron levels can lead to anaemia, causing symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Women, particularly those of reproductive age, are more prone to low iron due to menstrual blood loss.

On the flip side, too much iron can be harmful. Excess iron can damage organs like the liver, heart, and pancreas. Hereditary haemochromatosis, a common genetic condition in the UK, can result in complications such as liver cirrhosis, diabetes, or heart issues if left untreated.

Iron studies are also vital for managing chronic conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney disease, or certain cancers, which can disrupt iron metabolism. These conditions may cause anaemia even when iron stores seem normal, so a detailed iron panel is essential for identifying the root cause.

Normal Ranges (UK Units)

While reference ranges may vary slightly between laboratories, the typical values in the UK are as follows:

Serum Iron:

• Men: 14–25 µmol/L
• Women: 11–25 µmol/L

Ferritin:

• Men: 30–400 µg/L
• Women (pre-menopausal): 15–200 µg/L
• Women (post-menopausal): 30–400 µg/L

Transferrin Saturation:

• Normal: 20–50%
• Iron deficiency: Below 16%
• Iron overload: Above 45%

Doctors will interpret these values collectively to provide a complete picture of your iron health.

Who Should Consider It

Iron studies can be particularly useful for certain groups of people:

• Women with heavy periods: Heavy menstrual bleeding increases the risk of iron deficiency, making regular checks important.
• Vegetarians and vegans: Plant-based diets often rely on non-haem iron, which is less easily absorbed than iron from meat, so monitoring levels is wise.
• People with digestive issues: Conditions like coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis can hinder iron absorption or cause chronic blood loss.
• Those who’ve had gastric surgery or use proton pump inhibitors: Both can reduce iron absorption over time.
• Frequent blood donors: While haemoglobin is routinely checked, ferritin levels provide a deeper understanding of iron reserves.
• Individuals with a family history of haemochromatosis or unexplained symptoms: Symptoms like fatigue, joint pain, or skin changes could signal iron overload. Men over 40 and post-menopausal women, who no longer lose iron through menstruation, are at higher risk.

10. Inflammatory Markers (CRP and ESR)

Inflammatory markers offer a glimpse into how your immune system is responding to various challenges. By measuring inflammation levels in the body, these tests can help identify potential health issues, ranging from minor infections to chronic conditions. They work alongside other blood tests to give a more complete picture of your overall health.

What the Test Measures

Two key inflammatory markers are C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). CRP is a protein produced by the liver when inflammation occurs. Its levels can spike within hours of tissue damage or infection, acting as an early alarm for inflammation.

ESR, on the other hand, measures how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube over an hour. When inflammation is present, proteins in the blood cause red blood cells to clump together and settle faster. Although ESR rises more slowly than CRP, it tends to stay elevated for longer periods, making it useful for tracking chronic inflammation.

A more sensitive version of the CRP test, called high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), can detect very low levels of inflammation. This test is particularly helpful in assessing the risk of heart disease, even in individuals who feel healthy.

Why It Is Important

Chronic inflammation is linked to a wide range of serious conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, and some cancers. For example, elevated hs-CRP levels can indicate a higher risk of heart attack or stroke, even in people with normal cholesterol.

These markers are also essential for diagnosing and managing autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease. In rheumatoid arthritis, for instance, tracking CRP and ESR helps doctors monitor disease progression and adjust treatments as needed.

Additionally, these tests can distinguish between bacterial and viral infections. Bacterial infections usually result in higher CRP levels compared to viral ones, helping doctors make more accurate treatment decisions and avoid unnecessary antibiotics. They are also useful for evaluating how well treatments are working for various inflammatory conditions.

Normal Ranges (UK Units)

C-Reactive Protein (CRP):

• Normal: Less than 3.0 mg/L
• Mild inflammation: 3.0–10.0 mg/L
• Moderate inflammation: 10.0–40.0 mg/L
• Severe inflammation: Above 40.0 mg/L

High-Sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) for cardiovascular risk:

• Low risk: Less than 1.0 mg/L
• Average risk: 1.0–3.0 mg/L
• High risk: Above 3.0 mg/L

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR):

• Men under 50: Less than 15 mm/hr
• Men over 50: Less than 20 mm/hr
• Women under 50: Less than 20 mm/hr
• Women over 50: Less than 30 mm/hr

It’s important to note that ESR levels naturally increase with age, so slightly higher readings in older adults might still fall within a normal range.

Who Should Consider It

These tests are especially useful for individuals dealing with unexplained symptoms like persistent fatigue, joint pain, or frequent infections. If you're facing ongoing health concerns without a clear diagnosis, inflammatory markers can provide valuable insights into what might be going on.

People with a family history of autoimmune diseases may also want to monitor these markers regularly, as early detection can lead to more effective treatment. Similarly, those at risk for heart disease - such as individuals with diabetes, obesity, or a sedentary lifestyle - might benefit from hs-CRP testing to identify potential cardiovascular risks that traditional tests might overlook.

For those already managing an inflammatory condition, monitoring CRP and ESR levels can help track how well treatments are working. This is particularly crucial for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, where timely adjustments to treatment can prevent further complications.

Finally, people on steroids or immunosuppressants should keep an eye on these markers to avoid unexpected side effects. By integrating these tests into routine blood work, you can gain valuable insights into both prevention and the management of ongoing health issues.

Blood Test Summary Table

Here’s a handy overview of ten key blood tests that can help you stay on top of your health.

Test Name	What It Measures	Who Should Get It	Typical Frequency
Full Blood Count (FBC)	Red and white blood cells, platelets, haemoglobin	Everyone as part of routine health checks	Annually for healthy adults; more often if symptoms arise
Lipid Profile	Cholesterol (total, LDL, HDL), triglycerides	Adults over 40, or those with family history of heart issues, diabetes, or obesity	Every 5 years if normal; annually if elevated or on meds
HbA1c	Average blood sugar over 2-3 months	Adults over 45, or those with diabetes risk factors or family history	Every 3 years if normal; every 6 months if pre-diabetic or diabetic
Thyroid Function Tests	TSH, T3, T4 hormone levels	Women over 35, or those with fatigue or weight changes	Every 5 years if normal; annually if on thyroid treatment
Liver Function Tests	Liver enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin, albumin	Regular drinkers, those on certain medications, or with unexplained fatigue	Annually for at-risk individuals; as needed for symptoms
Kidney Function Tests	Creatinine, eGFR, urea levels	Adults over 60, or those with diabetes, high blood pressure, or family history	Annually for at-risk groups; every 2-3 years for others
Vitamin D	25-hydroxyvitamin D levels	Everyone, especially those with limited sun exposure or bone health concerns	Annually, or every 6 months if deficient
Vitamin B12 and Folate	B12 and folate levels	Vegetarians, vegans, adults over 50, or those with digestive issues	Every 1-2 years, or annually if at risk
Iron Studies	Ferritin, transferrin saturation, serum iron	Women of childbearing age, vegetarians, or those with fatigue symptoms	Every 1-2 years for women; as needed for men
Inflammatory Markers	CRP and ESR levels	Those with unexplained symptoms, autoimmune conditions, or heart disease risk	As needed for symptoms; regularly for chronic conditions

These recommendations are a general guide for healthy adults. Your GP may suggest more frequent testing based on your health history, family background, or specific conditions. It’s also common for doctors to bundle several tests into one blood draw for a broader health assessment.

Always discuss your results with your GP to understand what they mean for you. If you’re planning a check-up, consider scheduling multiple tests at once to save time and get a clearer picture of your overall health. Use this table to prepare for your next appointment and address any questions or concerns with your doctor.

Conclusion

Regular blood tests are an essential part of staying on top of your health. These ten key tests provide a detailed look at how your body’s systems are functioning, helping to spot potential problems early on. Whether it’s identifying diabetes risk through HbA1c testing or assessing heart health with a lipid profile, each test gives you important information to guide your health choices.

Together, these tests create a clear picture of your overall health. By establishing a baseline, routine blood testing allows you and your doctor to notice any changes quickly. Acting early often leads to simpler treatments and better outcomes, helping to prevent more serious issues in the future.

Take the first step by discussing these tests with your GP or arranging a health check. Many tests can be done with a single blood draw, making it straightforward and convenient. Private services like Epsom Blood Tests offer next-day, doctor-reviewed results, with options such as the Well Person Premier Plus package, which covers 49 indicators for £129.00, to complement NHS care. Taking this proactive approach can help protect your health over the long term.

Always ensure your results are reviewed by a qualified healthcare professional who understands your personal health history and risks. Whether you opt for NHS testing through your GP or private services for faster results, the key is to make regular blood tests a routine part of your healthcare. Don’t wait - schedule your next health check and take control of your wellbeing today.

FAQs

How often should I have blood tests to stay on top of my health?

For adults in good health without any underlying conditions, it’s typically advised to undergo routine blood tests every 1–2 years to keep track of overall well-being. However, if you have chronic conditions or face a higher risk of specific health issues, your doctor might recommend more frequent testing - potentially every 6–12 months.

In the UK, the NHS suggests that adults aged 40–74 have a health check every five years. This check-up may include blood tests as part of the assessment. It’s always a good idea to consult your GP or healthcare provider to determine the most suitable testing schedule for your unique health needs.

What health risks could abnormal blood test results reveal?

Blood test results that fall outside the normal range can serve as a warning sign for various health issues. For instance, they might point to conditions like anaemia, iron deficiency, or dehydration, which often need further evaluation or treatment. In some cases, they could signal more serious concerns such as pre-diabetes, cardiovascular risks, or kidney problems. Ignoring these signs could potentially lead to long-term health complications.

The good news is that catching these issues early through regular blood tests can make a big difference. Early detection provides the opportunity to take timely action, potentially stopping diseases from worsening and improving overall health in the long run. Taking this proactive approach is a simple yet effective way to stay on top of your well-being.

Do I need to prepare or make any lifestyle changes before having these blood tests?

Before certain blood tests, you might need to fast for 8–12 hours. This means no food or drinks, except water. Your doctor will let you know if fasting is required. During this time, staying hydrated is key, so make sure to drink plenty of water.

If you're on medications like blood thinners, check with your healthcare provider to see if you should temporarily stop taking them before the test. Also, aim for a good night's sleep - rest helps your body be in the best condition for accurate test results. Always stick to the specific instructions provided by your doctor or testing centre.